Using mirror and other internal surveys in order to improve student experience

This article is the first stage of a project which considers how best to use the data collected from mirror surveys and other internal student surveys to enhance the student experience, with a subsidiary aim of thereby enhancing National Student Survey (NSS) scores. The second stage, which is underway at present, combines the theoretical basis and debate explored in this article with detailed statistical analysis of internal and external survey results, to provide a greater evidential basis for decision-making and strategic planning. The research was supported as a 2011-12 Learning Development Project, at City University London, and is intended to inform educational discussion and strategy. The interim findings discussed below are readily transferable to other disciplines and other universities. Universities have put a great deal of effort into improving student satisfaction, but not always with measurable results. Throughout the existence of the NSS, universities have experienced significant variance between student satisfaction as represented by internal measures and the levels of satisfaction reported in the NSS. This has been the case even when the internal measures take the form of mirror surveys, i.e. surveys which mirror or closely resemble the questions on the current version of the NSS. Although general morale factors and events beyond a university’s control may play a strong role in the scores, they do not necessarily explain the differences, especially where the internal questions are based on those from the NSS. Both measures may be an accurate representation of student satisfaction but measuring subtly different factors, or other influences may be operating. By examining this issue, this project aims to enable better planning for the future and the development of appropriate, tailored responses to issues. The interim findings reflect examples of best practice and next steps for the strategic use of such data, including free-text comments

Ancestors and Astronomy to Scientists and Cancer

Astronomy is the oldest science. Even records of the earliest cave paintings depict prehistoric humans gazing at the stars and tracking their positions. Across cultures, the interpretation of the darkness and its stars provided insight into all aspects of life and has guided humanity for thousands of years. Connections between what was seen looking up and how the world changed around them, derived into a reliance on the stars for navigation and as predictors of weather for agriculture. In the field of cancer biology, instead of looking up for answers, we look down into a microscope. Like our ancestors, we look for signs as we gaze into the unknown. We look for patterns and connect these patterns to health and disease. The image is of a Melanoma tumor slice. With the advance of imaging technologies, we can see and track the position of cells (blue) and other structures within tissue such as blood vessels (red). In doing so, we hope to make a connection between what we see looking down and how these markers change when diseased. In a sense, imaging is our guide for navigating and predicting the unknowns of cancer.Ope

The Public-Private Divide in Prosecutions and Obtaining of Evidence: Towards a Code?

In English law, in spite of the existence of the Crown Prosecution Service, every person still has the right to bring a criminal prosecution. Nowadays, this right is little used by individuals acting in a personal capacity, but private prosecutions have become much more common in recent years as corporations have attempted to use them to protect their commercial interests, and as some law firms have encouraged individuals and corporations to bring them as a means of obtaining redress. In 1977, Lord Diplock stated that the right to bring a private prosecution is ‘a useful constitutional safeguard against capricious, corrupt or biased failure or refusal of [the relevant state] authorities to prosecute offenders against the criminal law.’1 However, there is more recent judicial authority for the view that the right to prosecute privately is a historical anomaly of little worth, and potentially dangerous.2 It is with both of these judicial views in mind that we examine the relationship between certain organisations which exist solely to protect the commercial interests of particular corporations, and English and Welsh state agencies such as police authorities and local councils, which have a duty to consider the public interest but which sometimes work in partnership with such organisations.We argue that this relationship raises serious concerns about the potential abuse of state power by private organisations, and that a specific code of conduct may be required to guard against such abuse

Wigner-Seitz cells in neutron star crust with finite range interactions

The structure of Wigner-Seitz cells in the inner crust of neutron stars is investigated using a microcospic Hartree-Fock-BCS approach with finite range D1S and M3Y-P4 interactions. Large effects on the densities are found compared to previous predictions using Skyrme interactions. Pairing effects are found to be small, and they are attenuated by the use of finite range interactions in the mean field.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figure

Private prosecution: a useful constitutional safeguard or potentially dangerous historical anomaly?

In the light of recent English cases concerning the right of individuals to bring private prosecutions, this article argues that this right should be removed or circumscribed more closely. In particular, we advocate three reforms here if the power to launch private prosecutions is to remain

Quantifying Uncertainties in Sequential Chemical Extraction of Soil Phosphorus Using XANES Spectroscopy.

Sequential chemical extraction has been widely used to study soil phosphorus (P) dynamics and inform nutrient management, but its efficacy for assigning P into biologically meaningful pools remains unknown. Here, we evaluated the accuracy of the modified Hedley extraction scheme using P K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy for nine carbonate-free soil samples with diverse chemical and mineralogical properties resulting from different degrees of soil development. For most samples, the extraction markedly overestimated the pool size of calcium-bound P (Ca-P, extracted by 1 M HCl) due to (1) P redistribution during the alkaline extractions (0.5 M NaHCO3 and then 0.1 M NaOH), creating new Ca-P via formation of Ca phosphates between NaOH-desorbed phosphate and exchangeable Ca2+ and/or (2) dissolution of poorly crystalline Fe and Al oxides by 1 M HCl, releasing P occluded by these oxides into solution. The first mechanism may occur in soils rich in well-crystallized minerals and exchangeable Ca2+ regardless of the presence or absence of CaCO3, whereas the second mechanism likely operates in soils rich in poorly crystalline Fe and Al minerals. The overestimation of Ca-P simultaneously caused underestimation of the pools extracted by the alkaline solutions. Our findings identify key edaphic parameters that remarkably influenced the extractions, which will strengthen our understanding of soil P dynamics using this widely accepted procedure

Prothonotary warbler demography and nest site selection in natural and artificial cavities in bottomland forests of Arkansas, USA [Démographie et sélection du site de nidification de la paruline orangée dans des cavités naturelles et artificielles en forêts sur terres basses de l\u27Arkansas, É.-U.]

Anthropogenic alterations to bottomland forests in the United States that occurred post-European settlement likely negatively affected many avian species. The Prothonotary Warbler (Protonotaria citrea), a secondary cavity nester that breeds predominantly in these forests, has steadily declined over the past 60 years, and our ability to mitigate this trend is partially limited by a lack of basic biological data. Although much research has been devoted to Prothonotary Warblers, most studies have focused on local breeding populations that use nest boxes; we lack information about habitat selection behavior and demographic parameters of individuals that use natural cavities, which includes the vast majority of the global population. We studied warblers nesting both in boxes and natural cavities in central Arkansas, USA. We aimed to evaluate: (1) microhabitat features important for nest site selection, (2) relationships between these features and nest survival, and (3) demographic parameters of individuals breeding in natural cavities versus nest boxes. We hypothesized (1) selected nest site characteristics are associated with nest survival, and (2) natural cavities and nest boxes provide similar nest features related to clutch size and number fledged, but that predation protection differs. We found that warblers preferred nesting in dead trees with cavities that were higher and shallower than available random cavities, and that canopy cover within 5 m of nests was inversely related to nest survival. Demographic parameters did not differ between natural cavities and nest boxes; however, when excluding flooded nests, boxes experienced lower rates of nest depredation. We believe that forest management strategies that increase the number of suitable dead nest trees and restore the natural hydrology of these ecosystems would create and improve habitat for this iconic species. We advocate multiscale experimental canopy cover manipulation to explore the causal mechanism(s) of the relationship we found between canopy cover and nest survival

The Utilization of Heat Exchangers for Energy Conservation in Air Conditioning

This paper investigates the characteristics of heat exchanger (HPHE) as an efficient coolness recovery unit in air conditioning through experimental studies. It was conducted under a multiple-nozzle code tester based on the ASHRAE standards. The wind tunnel was subjected to airflow with considerable variation in its inlet air temperature. Among the factors being investigated are the air velocity, inlet and outlet air temperatures, overall efficiency and the number of rows in longitudinal direction. The data obtained were compared with the results predicted by previous theoretical studies. Good agreement was observed

Comparison of chloroquine, sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine, mefloquine and mefloquine-artesunate for the treatment of falciparum malaria in Kachin State, North Myanmar.

Multi-drug resistant falciparum malaria is widespread in Asia. In Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam the national protocols have changed largely to artesunate combined treatment regimens but elsewhere in East and South Asia chloroquine (CQ) and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) are still widely recommended by national malaria control programmes. In Kachin State, northern Myanmar, an area of low seasonal malaria transmission, the efficacy of CQ (25 mg base/kg) and SP (1.25/25 mg/kg), the nationally recommended treatments at the time, were compared with mefloquine alone (M; 15 mg base/kg) and mefloquine combined with artesunate (MA; 15:4 mg/kg). An open randomized controlled trial enrolled 316 patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria, stratified prospectively into three age-groups. Early treatment failures (ETF) occurred in 41% (32/78) of CQ treated patients and in 24% of patients treated with SP (18/75). In young children the ETF rates were 87% after CQ and 35% after SP. Four children (two CQ, two SP) developed symptoms of cerebral malaria within 3 days after treatment. By day 42, failure rates (uncorrected for reinfections) had increased to 79% for CQ and 81% for SP. ETF rates were 2.5% after treatment with M and 3.9% after treatment with MA (P > 0.2). Overall uncorrected treatment failure rates at day 42 following M and MA were 23% and 21%, respectively. Chloroquine and SP are completely ineffective for the treatment of falciparum malaria in northern Myanmar. Mefloquine treatment is much more effective, but three day combination regimens with artesunate will be needed for optimum efficacy and protection against resistance

Characteristic Changes in Decidual Gene Expression Signature in Spontaneous Term Parturition

Background: The decidua has been implicated in the "terminal pathway" of human term parturition, which is characterized by the activation of pro-inflammatory pathways in gestational tissues. However, the transcriptomic changes in the decidua leading to terminal pathway activation have not been systematically explored. This study aimed to compare the decidual expression of developmental signaling and inflammation-related genes before and after spontaneous term labor in order to reveal their involvement in this process. Materials and Methods: Chorioamniotic membranes were obtained from normal pregnant women who delivered at term with spontaneous labor (TIL, n=14) or without labor (TNL, n=15). Decidual cells were isolated from snap-frozen chorioamniotic membranes with laser microdissection. The expression of 46 genes involved in decidual development, sex steroid and prostaglandin signaling, as well as pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways was analyzed using high-throughput quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Chorioamniotic membrane sections were immunostained and then semi-quantified for five proteins, and immunoassays for three chemokines were performed on maternal plasma samples. Results: The genes with the highest expression in the decidua at term gestation included insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 (IGFBP1), galectin-1 (LGALS1), and progestogen-associated endometrial protein (PAEP); the expression of estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), homeobox A11 (HOXA11), interleukin 1beta (IL1B), IL8, progesterone receptor membrane component 2 (PGRMC2), and prostaglandin E synthase (PTGES) was higher in TIL than in TNL cases; the expression of chemokine C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2), CCL5, LGALS1, LGALS3, and PAEP was lower in TIL than in TNL cases; immunostaining confirmed qRT-PCR data for IL-8, CCL2, galectin-1, galectin-3, and PAEP; and no correlations between the decidual gene expression and the maternal plasma protein concentrations of CCL2, CCL5, and IL-8 were found. Conclusion: Our data suggests that with the initiation of parturition, the decidual expression of anti-inflammatory mediators decreases, while the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and steroid receptors increases. This shift may affect downstream signaling pathways that can lead to parturition